Relationship between Young Citizens Democracy Education and Good Governance

ABSTRACT


INTRODUCTION
Education can build a new generation of a nation towards a better direction (Idris et al., 2012). All countries are trying to improve aspects of life (political, economic, social, cultural, defense, and security) to create a better life. Education is one of the central aspects that need to be prioritized from an early age. In Turkey, Arı et al. (2021) said democratic education should get more places to create a good nation. Instead of getting a positive impact from demographic bonuses, demographic bonuses also have a negative impact if they are not properly prepared. Demographic bonuses must be carefully prepared and measured so that the number of citizens of productive age can be absorbed and have a maximum impact on the progress of citizens and the state. One strategy that can be done is to map the potential possessed by citizens based on what contributions citizens can make to their country. The form of the contribution made can vary, be it a direct or indirect contribution. The state can only run on its own if it is driven by the locomotive of human resources it has. So, it is not surprising that the quality of human resources is a determining factor in the existence of a country, as well as Indonesia. In order to succeed in the demographic bonus in 2045, the involvement of citizens, especially at a young age, is a strategic partner for the government because it can provide excellent strength for Indonesia (Hsu & Perry, 2014).
Young citizens cannot be separated from the meaning of youth which is the product of changes in social phenomena that occur around them so that they have a distinctive and specific character (such as IJE-QQR ► 36 IJE-QQR, Vol. 2, No. 1, 2023 revolutionary, optimistic, forward-thinking, have morality and other traits), the impact they give becomes a driver in efforts to improve the nation towards a better direction (Muqsith, 2019) . The measure of contribution that can be made by young citizens is always sought to be on the positive side when viewed from the historical series of the establishment of the Republic of Indonesia (Unitary State of the Republic of Indonesia). Starting from the National Awakening Era which was led by young Indonesian students (the establishment of the Indonesian Association and Budi Utomo in 1908 as well as being a role model for struggle organizations afterwards), continued by the results of the Youth Congress on October 28, 1928 which promoted "Soempah Pemoeda" and was driven by young people, the security event of Karno and Hatta to Rengas Dengklok on August 16, 1945 in order to urge Indonesian independence, Force 66 which was among scholars after the departure of the Old Order Era, to Force 98 as a symbol of reform of prkatik in the New Order Era. All of these were spearheaded by young citizens who showed concern and concern for change efforts (pro-democracy and anti-authoritarian) while validating that social groups like this proved necessary to create a state life in accordance with democratic values (Akbar, 2016). Some of the dimensions that can be strengthened to form young citizens in accordance with checks and balances against the government as state organizers are (1) civic/volunteer involvement; (2) political literacy that includes knowledge of the political system, rights, and obligations, to knowledge and skills for democracy; and (3) political participation, such as voting activities in democratic parties to understanding the importance of citizens as an inseparable part of national identity (Hoskins et al., 2015;Tonge et al., 2012).
The disclosure of information flows that occur today is a separate demand for the government to be able to provide the best service (public service) for the community (Andrews et al., 2020). Through good governance, the government seeks to switch from image government to good governance that emphasizes cooperation between the government, citizens, and the private sector. This engagement, between the government, citizens, and the private sector is a system of checks and balances that occur indirectly in accordance with democratic values. In contrast to the government system where the government tries to monopolize the implementation of the state, through the government system good governance seeks to involve and cooperate with the community as an effort to realize the implementation of a clean and democratic state. Synergistic relations between the state and its citizens can produce a strong government climate and be trusted by the people, so building positive interactions between the government and society is important as an effort to realize national ideals at the level of a democratic climate (Zuhro, 2010).
There are several dimensions that can be used to see the implementation of good governance in an area both at the local and national levels, put forward by the United Nations including government capabilities, accountability and transparency, participation in democratic processes, attention to equity and poverty, and government commitments (Keban, 2000). On the other hand, previous research (Zuhro, 2010) includes the dimensions of accountability, participation, consensus, transparency, efficiency and effectiveness, responsiveness, equality and inclusivity, as well as Compliance with the Rule of Law. Based on the description that has been explained earlier, the dimensions used to see good governance in this paper include (1) accountability and transparency; (2) participation; (3) commitment to the rule of law. The novelty of this research is to support good governance through democratic education.The urgency of the Indonesian government in an effort to create a healthy democratic climate, is directly proportional to efforts to prepare the next generation of Indonesians who are good and smart citizens so the author feels the need to see the relationship between young citizens democracy education. This study aims to see the relationship between young citizens democracy education and the implementation of good governance.

METHOD
This research is a quantitative study using correlational research methods. This research method was used to identify the relationship that occurred between variables in this study. The instrument in this study used a questionnaire to find a relationship between the involvement of young citizens and the implementation of good governance in Cirebon City. The location of the study was conducted in the IAIN Syekh Nurjati Cirebon environment as a repression of young citizens whose address is at Jalan Perjuangan, Sunyaragi, Kec. Kesambi, Cirebon city, West Java 45132, which will be carried out in 2022. The population is 11,859 active students obtained from PTIPD IAIN Sheikh Nurjati Cirebon. Sampling is carried out by purposive sampling based on the criteria of students who already have an ID card (Identity Card) and are domiciled in the city and district of Cirebon. After the sample meets these criteria, the number of samples is taken based on the Yount formula (Ramadhayanti, 2019), as shown in Table 1.

Relationship between Young Citizens Democracy Education and Good Governance
(Fuad, V.)

>10.000 1%
Based on the table 1, it is known that the total population in this study amounted to more than 10,000, so the size of the sample needed was 1%, namely 119 respondents.
As the main instrument used in this study, the questionnaire used a Likert scale measure of young citizens and good governance. The validity test in this study used theoretical (expert judgment) and empirical (product moment formula) tests, while instrument reliability tests used the Cronbach alpha formula with the help of SPSS. Validity and reliabilas tests are reviewed in several stages to be feasible to use. First, by obtaining a theoretical validity test that already includes advance validation and content by 10 weighers is as follows: (1) the variables of young citizens consisting of 3 indicators, namely a) Civil Involvement which originally had 14 statements to 10 statements, b) Political Literacy which originally had 11 statements to 9 statements, c) Political Participation which originally had 15 statements to 11 statements, and in the second variability (2) good governance consisting of 3 indicators, including a) Accountability and Transparency which originally had 12 statements to 9 statements, b) Participation which originally had 14 statements to 8 statements, c) Commitment to the rule of law which originally had 10 statements to 8 statements. Secondly, in addition to theoretical validity tests, the instrument also performed empirical validity by looking at the correlation of product moment through the SPSS application by testing the instrument. The reliability test of young citizens democracy education and good governance, the values of Crobach's alpha coefficients are 0.943 and 0.934. This shows that the reliability level of the questionnaire instruments used in this study is in the range of "very reliable" levels based on the measure of the reliability level of Crobach's alpha.
Data analysis techniques are carried out using univariate and bivariate analysis. Univariate analysis generally produces the frequency and percentage distribution of each variable. The bivariate analysis uses classical assumption tests, including normality and homogeneity tests, then performs hypothesis tests (paired t-test & r-square -tests).

Descriptive Statistical Test
The following table 2 are the results of the descriptive statistical test used in this study to provide an overview or descriptive of the research data that has been obtained. appearing value (mode) is 64, the highest value (maximum) is 74, and the lowest value (minimum) is 47 out of a total of 119 respondents in this study.

Test Classical Assumptions
In the classical assumption test used in this study using the Kolmogorov-Smirnov formula, whether the research data obtained were normally distributed and using the Levene formula to see whether the data. The research obtained is homogeneous or not. Here are the normality test results that can be seen in Table 3. The normality test results obtained are said to be normally distributed if the signification value is greater than 0.05. Meanwhile, if the signification value is less than 0.05, the residual value is considered not normally distributed. Based on Table 3 above, the signification value obtained is 0.234 so that the data obtained in this study can be analyzed normally because it is greater than 0.05.
After the data is declared normally distributed, a homogeneity test of the group of data taken in a population with the sample taken is homogeneous. Here are the homogeneity test results that can be seen in Table 4. The homogeneity test results are said to be based on a homogeneous group if the signification value is greater than 0.05. Meanwhile, if the value is less than 0.05, the data obtained is not homogeneous. Based on Table 4 above, the signification value obtained is 0.142 so it can be stated that the data obtained in this study is homogeneous because it is greater than 0.05.

Hypothesis Test
The hypothesis test used in this study was carried out using a paired t-test to see if there was a relationship between one variable and another. The following are the results of the paired t-test obtained in the results of this study. Based on the table 5, the results of the study are stated to have a relationship if the siginification value is less than 0.05. Meanwhile, if the signification value is greater than 0.05, it is stated that there is no relationship between the variables studied. Based on the results of the paired t-test conducted a value of 0.000 which is less than 0.05 so that the conclusion that can be drawn from the ini study is that there is a significant relationship between young citizens democracy education in the IAIN Syekh Nurjati Cirebon environment and the implementation of good governance in Cirebon city.
Furthermore, to find out the results of the interpretation of the relationship model that occurs and the correlation coefficient in the results of research on the relationship between young citizens and good governance, an r-square test was carried out to find out this. The r-square test results obtained will later be viewed based on the criteria for the range of interperformance of the statistical test results and the interperformance of the correlation coefficient.
After knowing the guidelines for measuring the results of the interperformance of statistical test results and the interperformance of the correlation coefficient, then look at the r-square test results obtained to determine which size range they belong to. Therefore, here are the results of the r-square test obtained in this study.

Relationship between Young Citizens Democracy Education and Good Governance (Fuad, V.)
Based on the table 6, the results of the statistical test showed that the r-square value of 15.6% of good governance can be explained by changes in the variables of young citizens with a p-value = 0.000 smaller than α = 0.05. Meanwhile, 84.4% is explained by other factors outside this study. Therefore, it can be concluded that research shows that there is a positive and significant relationship between the involvement of young citizens democracy education in the IAIN Syekh Nurjati Cirebon environment and the implementation of good governance in Cirebon city with a "strong" relationship level of 39.5% even though it has a "low" influence".

Discussion
Based on the results of research that has been carried out by researchers, involvement between parties, ranging from the government to the community, to the communities in the community , makes The pillars of democracy can stand strong (to realize the welfare of the people). It is this spirit that gave birth to the era of reform in Indonesia, the spirit of the form of government that goes hand in hand with the society growing dynamically. The emergence of the concept of governance evaluates from the previous concept by state organizers and governments that act to monopolize the administration of the state (government). The concept of governance approach allows the community to take a role in making decisions that will be decided by state managers (ElMassah & Mohieldin, 2020). On this basis, the accommodation of people's aspirations is an important aspect in improving government performance, so it is not surprising that people can trust more in the government because it feels involved in the management activities of its country/region. The realization of good governance can be seen through the government's ability to realize the work program carried out and has direct implications for public services, so that making its success rate dependent on how much the government involves community participation (Maryam, 2016;Zuhro, 2010).
Pancasila and citizenship education at the elementary school to higher education levels is a strategic tool for the government to shape the character of democratic citizens (Hendri et al., 2020). The younger generation, as the next generation, is expected to be able to solve problems around them using their intellectual abilities, such as identifying, analyzing, assessing, and making decisions based on the best interests of all parties and their participative abilities. All of these competencies appear to align with the goals and vision of democratic education, which are embedded in the subjects of Pancasila Education and Citizenship Education (Nanggala, 2020). This is not immediately practical, and the benefits can be felt quickly. However, it takes sufficient time to prepare a generation to become one ready at the right time. The reformation era (1998) was a turning point for democracy in Indonesia (Haripin et al., 2020), as well as democratic education, which was felt essential to be able to provide for the young generation at that time, and now is the moment when one generation is mature and ready to make a positive contribution to things around him. Those born and grew up in Indonesia in the 2000s and above have experienced and enjoyed a climate of democracy that was sown through democratic education in formal and non-formal institutions. On this basis, the current generation of young people is born who realize that all problems cannot only be borne by the government. They are encouraged to be able to contribute to the broader community and not hesitate to take real action. This can be seen in the Bima impact phenomenon that occurred in Lampung related to road infrastructure improvements, the Pandawa Group (5 young people) who are concerned about environmental pollution issues, and inspired a group called Ksatria Batam to participate in environmental care efforts in the city of Batam. Of course, this phenomenon will not appear suddenly soon, but it is the result of the fruit of democratic education, which has become the driving force of change itself.
Together, the community individually and the community begins to be present and aware of its function as a check & balance for the implementation of state management that occurs in their country (local and national). Each social movement has its own characteristics and goals, but what cannot be denied in the history of politics in Indonesia, the role of the younger generation (young citizens) is a central figure in change. Starting from the Chicago Seven social movement involving student groups in the 1960s in Chicago, USA (Baer, 2020;Bodrov et al., 2019;Johnston, 2019) to the participation of students in the Era of Indonesian Independence Struggle (the forerunner of Budi Utomo) until the collapse of the New Order Era (Syarifudin, 2017) which was spearheaded by student groups in the context of antiauthoritarian and pro-democracy. The role of students who show attention and concern for change efforts is evidence of the need for the strength of social groups in society to be able to create a state life in accordance with democratic values (Akbar, 2016;Bektisiwi, 2019;Tugtekin & Koc, 2020).
Although the results of the research conducted stated that there is a strong relationship between young citizens and the implementation of good governance, in fact, the correlation results obtained in this study are in a low stage, which indicates that there are still things outside the research indicators that have a greater influence on young citizens and good governance. Therefore, the urgency regarding preparing the next generation of good and smart citizens needs to be further improved, both by the local and national scope. An effort designed in such a way that it can form a strong and great citizen who has three important IJE-QQR ► 40 IJE-QQR, Vol. 2, No. 1, 2023 aspects, namely civic knowledge, civic disposition, and civic skills (Lonto, 2019;Riyanti, 2020;Sulistyarini et al., 2020). All of them can be done with various efforts and education is one of them. Education that not only emphasizes aspects of knowledge but also provides important provisions regarding morality, nationalism, multiculturalism to be able to cultivate a person who is capable of placing himself in the midst of a heterogeneous society.
The solution presented by the researchers is to seek to see the relationship between the involvement of young citizens and the implementation of good governance at the local level as the initial capital to build a healthy democracy and dignified. Based on the results of the research obtained, it indicates the need for a special strategy to be able to form good citizens, who understand their functions so that the existence of the state Indonesia becomes guaranteed. Education is not the only thing that researchers think needs to be improved, but through holistic education becomes a key role to foster reason and a sense of good citizens to want to want to take to the field in promoting democratic values. A democratic form of government is an ideal feature for a government in today's modern era and is still relevant to UNESCO's statement based on the results of research that has been done, that for the first time in history, democracy was declared a good thing on the system of political and social organization. Democracy demands involvement between the government, society, and the private sector so that it can encourage the realization of a better form of government (Fatmawati, 2011;Keban, 2000)

CONCLUSION
There is a positive and significant relationship between young citizens' involvement in democracy education and the implementation of good governance at the level of a strong relationship, even though it has a low influence. This condition certainly illustrates how important the formation of young citizens is as the forerunner of the next generation and a symbol of the state's existence. Therefore this research needs to be continued, especially to make strategic and practical steps through an educational approach which is a fundamental right and can be accessed by all Indonesian citizens. This research contributes to proving that the democratic education of young citizens has a vital role in shaping the next generation of good and smart citizens.